John M. Clayton

TO ADOPT THE RESOLUTION TO PAY TO EACH EMPLOYEE OF THE SENATE AND THE CONGRESSIONAL LIBRARY DURING THE LAST SESSION OF CONGRESS, THE SAME COMPENSATION ALLOWED TO EMPLOYEES OF THE HOUSE AND TO PAY $50 TO ROBERT CARTER, HENRY DODSON, AND EACH OF THE FOLDERS TEMPORARILY EMPLOYED IN THE SENATE.

TO ADOPT THE RESOLUTION DIRECTING THE SECRETARY OF THE SENATE TO PAY TO THE "UNION", THE "NATIONAL INTELLIGENCER" AND THE "SENTENIL", NEWSPAPERS, $4.50 PER COLUMN FOR PUBLISHING SENATE DEBATES AND PROCEEDINGS, PROVIDED NO DUPLICATION OF PAYMENT IS MADE.

TO TABLE THE RESOLUTION TO PAY A BONUS OF FIFTY DOLLARS TO ALL SENATE AND CONGRESSIONAL LIBRARY EMPLOYEES FOR SERVICES RENDERED OUT OF THE CONTINGENT FUND.

TO INSIST ON SENATE AMENDMENT TO H.R. 153, AND ASK FOR A CONFERENCE ON THIS AMENDMENT WHICH RELATES TO KANSAS.

TO TABLE S. 464, A BILL AMENDING AN ACT ORGANIZING THE TERRITORIES OF NEBRASKA AND KANSAS (APP. 5/30/1854).

TO ADHERE TO SENATE AMENDMENT TO ELIMINATE A HOUSE AMENDMENT TO H.R. 578, WHICH AMENDMENT RELATES TO KANSAS.

TO ADOPT THE RESOLUTION EXTENDING THE TIME FOR THE EXCHANGE OF RATIFICATIONS OF THE TREATY BETWEEN THE U.S. AND THE GRAND DUCHY OF BADEN, WHATEVER TIME THE SAME CAN BE EFFECTED BETWEEN THE TWO COUNTRIES.

TO ADOPT THE RESOLUTION SUSPENDING SO MUCH OF JOINT RULE 21 AS PROHIBITS CONSIDERATION DURING THE FIRST 6 DAYS OF THE PRESENT SESSION, OF ANY BILL, RESOLUTION OR REPORT UNDETERMINED AT THE END OF THE PREVIOUS SESSION, IN SO FAR AS IT AFFECTS H.R. 153.

TO POSTPONE UNTIL THE THIRD MONDAY IN DECEMBER, ACTION ON H.R. 301, A BILL APPROPRIATING $200,000 FOR THE ESTABLISHMENT OF A NAVAL DEPOT ON BLYTHE ISLAND AT BRUNSWICK, GEORGIA.

TO EXTEND THE PRESENT SESSION OF THE SENATE TO 2 P.M. TODAY.

TO ADOPT THE RESOLUTION THAT THE SENATE CHAPLAIN BE PAID $500 OUT OF THE CONTINGENT FUND OF THE SENATE IN ADDITION TO HIS SALARY AND THAT THERE BE PAID A 20% INCREASE FOR THE LAST FISCAL YEAR TO THOSE EMPLOYEES WHOSE PAY WAS NOT INCREASED AT THE PRESENT SESSION OR WHOSE SALARY DOES NOT EXCEED $2,500 PER YEAR.

TO PROCEED TO CONSIDERATION OF THE RESOLUTION AUTHORIZING THE SECRETARY OF THE SENATE TO PAY TO UNION NATIONAL INTELLIGENCER AND SENTINEL, NEWSPAPERS, $4.50 PER COLUMN FOR PUBLISHING DEBATES OF THE LAST TWO CONGRESSES, PROVIDED NO DUPLICATION OF PAYMENT BE MADE.

TO INSIST ON SENATES AMENDMENT TO H.R. 153, AND TO ASK FOR ANOTHER CONFERENCE ON THIS AMENDMENT WHICH SEEKS TO ELIMINATE THE PROVISION FOR THE USE OF FEDERAL MILITARY IN KANSAS.

TO CONCUR IN THE AMENDMENT TO H.R. 315, WHICH AMENDMENT PROVIDES FOR THE EXAMINATION AND SETTLEMENT OF THE CLAIMS OF RAMSEY AND CORMICK BECAUSE OF ABROGATION OF THEIR CONTRACT TO CARRY MAIL FROM VERA CRUZ TO ACAPULCO AND SAN FRANCISCO.

TO AMEND H.R. 315, BY AUTHORIZING THE POSTMASTER GENERAL TO CONTRACT FOR SEMI-WEEKLY MAIL SERVICE TO SOME POINT ON THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER THROUGH TO SAN FRANCISCO.

TO PASS S. 53, (PASSED OVER VETO 8/16/1856 11 STAT. L. 44), A BILL PROVIDING FOR THE IMPROVEMENT OF NAVIGATION ON THE PATAPSCO RIVER IN ORDER TO RENDER THE PORT OF BALTIMORE ACCESSIBLE TO U.S. WARSHIPS.

TO PROCEED TO CONSIDERATION OF EXECUTIVE BUSINESS.

TO INSIST ON SENATE AMENDMENT TO H.R. 153 (APP. 8/30/1856, 11 STAT. L. 147), A BILL MAKING APPROPRIATIONS FOR SUPPORT OF THE ARMY FOR 1857, WHICH AMENDMENT WOULD ELIMINATE THE KANSAS PROVISION FROM THE BILL.

TO AMEND H.R. 315, BY PROVIDING TO ADJUST AND PAY THE CLAIMS OF EDWARD H. CORMICK AND ALBERT C. RAMSEY DUE TO ABROGATION OF THEIR CONTRACTS TO CARRY MAIL ON THE VERA CRUZ, ACAPULCO AND SAN FRANCISCO ROUTE.

TO INSIST ON SENATE'S AMENDMENT TO H.R. 153, WHICH AMENDMENT WOULD ELIMINATE THE PROVISION THAT NO PART OF THE MILITARY FORCE OF THE U.S. SHALL BE EMPLOYED TO AID ENFORCEMENT OF THE ACTS OF THE ALLEGED LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY IN KANSAS AND ASKS FOR ANOTHER COMMITTEE OF CONFERENCE.

TO POSTPONE UNTIL THE THIRD MONDAY IN DECEMBER, FURTHER CONSIDERATION OF H.R. 154, A BILL PROVIDING FOR THE SETTLEMENT OF CLAIMS OF THE OFFICERS OF THE REVOLUTIONARY ARMY AND THE WIDOWS AND ORPHANS OF THOSE WHO DIED IN SERVICE.

TO PASS H.R. 12,(PASSED OVER VETO 8/16/1856,11 STAT. L. 51) A BILL PROVIDING FOR THE IMPROVEMENT OF DES MOINES RAPIDS IN THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER.

TO SUSTAIN THE CHAIR'S DECISION RULING IT IN ORDER TO RECEIVE A MOTION TO RECONSIDER THE VOTE REFUSING TO PASS OVER THE PRESIDENT'S VETO S. 53 (PASSED OVER VETO 8/16/1856, 11 STAT. L. 44), A BILL PROVIDING FOR THE IMPROVEMENT OF NAVIGATION THROUGH PATAPSCO RIVER IN ORDER TO RENDER THE PORT OF BALTIMORE ACCESSABLE TO THE U.S. WARSHIPS.

TO TABLE H.R. 154, A BILL PROVIDING FOR THE SETTLEMENT OF THE CLAIMS OF OFFICERS OF THE REVOLUTIONARY ARMY AND FOR THE WIDOWS AND ORPHANS OF THOSE WHO DIED IN SERVICE.

TO PASS S. 53, (PASSED OVER VETO 8/16/1856, 11 STAT. L. 44), A BILL MAKING APPROPRIATIONS FOR THE IMPROVEMENT OF THE PATAPASCO RIVER IN ORDER TO MAKE ACCESSIBLE THE PORT OF BALTIMORE TO U.S. WARSHIPS.

TO ADJOURN, DURING CONSIDERATION OF S. 427, A BILL PROVIDING ADDITIONAL APPROPRIATIONS FOR THE SUPPORT OF THE ARMY FOR THE FISCAL YEAR 1857.

TO AMEND S. 427, BY ELIMINATING THE APPROPRIATION OF $50,000 FOR CONSTRUCTING A FORT AT PEMBINA IN THE TERRITORY OF MINNESOTA.

TO AMEND H.R. 315 (APP. 8/18/1856, 11 STAT. L. 94), A BILL MAKING APPROPRIATIONS FOR THE SERVICE OF THE POST OFFICE DEPARTMENT FOR 1857, BY DIRECTING THE POSTMASTER GENERAL TO EXTEND THE CONTRACT FOR MAIL SERVICE BETWEEN NEW ORLEANS AND CAIRO FOR TWO YEARS AND ALLOWING PRESENT CONTRACTORS TO PURCHASE STEAMBOATS FOR THAT SERVICE.

TO RECEIVE THE AMENDMENT TO H.R. 315, WHICH AMENDMENT WOULD AUTHORIZE THE POSTMASTER GENERAL TO CONTRACT WITH THE BEST BIDDER FOR A SEMI-WEEKLY MAIL SERVICE FROM A POINT ON THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER TO SAN FRANCISCO.

TO INSIST ON SENATE'S AMENDMENT TO H.R. 202, WHICH AMENDMENT WOULD ELIMINATE THE PROVISION THAT NO PART OF THE APPROPRIATION IS TO BE EXPENDED FOR PROSECUTING OR DETAINING ANY PERSON CHARGED WITH TREASON OR ANY OTHER POLITICAL OFFENSE IN ANY PENDING PROCEEDING IN THE TERRITORY OF KANSAS.

TO INSIST ON SENATE'S AMENDMENT TO H.R. 202, WHICH AMENDMENT WOULD ELIMINATE THE APPROPRIATION OF $182,765.55 FOR MEMBERS OF THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES.

TO AMEND H.R. 201, BY MAKING APPROPRIATIONS FOR CERTAIN COURT HOUSES, CUSTOM HOUSES AND POST OFFICES.

TO AMEND H.R. 201, BY APPROPRIATING FUNDS FOR IMPROVEMENTS TO CERTAIN CUSTOM HOUSES.

TO POSTPONE DISCUSSION ON THE CASE OF THE IOWA CONTESTED SENATORIAL ELECTION, SO AS TO TAKE UP H.R. 201.

TO AMEND H.R. 201, BY APPROPRIATING THE SUM OF $100,000 FOR CONTINUING THE CONSTRUCTION OF A NEW DOME FOR THE CAPITOL.

TO AMEND H.R. 201, BY APPROPRIATING $500,000 FOR CONTINUING THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE WASHINGTON AQUEDUCT.

TO AMEND H.R. 201, BY ASCERTAINING THE AMOUNT DUE MISSISSIPPI AND OTHER STATES FOR SALE OF PUBLIC LANDS.

TO PASS H.R. 325, (APP. 8/16/1856, 11 STAT. L. 462), A BILL RENEWING AND EXTENDING ISAAC ADAMS' PATENTS ON THE POWER PRINTING PRESS FOR 7 YEARS.

TO PASS H.R. 12, (APP. 8/16/1856, 11 STAT. L. 51), A BILL APPROPRIATING $200,000 FOR CONTINUING THE IMPROVEMENT OF THE DES MOINES RAPIDS IN THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER.

TO AMEND H.R. 201 (APP. 8/18/1856, 11 STAT. L. 81), A BILL MAKING APPROPRIATIONS FOR CERTAIN CIVIL EXPENDITURES OF THE GOVERNMENT FOR 1857, BY REDUCING FROM $75,000 TO $25,000 THE APPROPRIATION FOR THE COLLECTION OF AGRICULTURAL STATISTICS, INVESTIGATIONS AND PROCUREMENT OF SEEDS AND CUTTINGS.

TO AMEND H.R. 202, BY PROVIDING TO PAY PETER PARKER, LATE ACTING CHARGE D' AFFAIRS AT CANTON, CHINA, $2,610.04, THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN HIS SALARY AS SECRETARY AND AS CHARGE D' AFFAIRS.

TO AMEND H.R. 153 BY PROVIDING FOR THE RECALL OF GOVERNMENT ARMS HERETOFORE DISTRIBUTED TO THE MILITIA AND PEOPLE OF THE TERRITORY OF KANSAS, INSTEAD OF PROVIDING TO DISARM THE PRESENT ORGANIZED MILITIA AND RECALLING SUCH ARMS FROM THE PEOPLE.

TO AMEND H.R. 153 BY ELIMINATING THE PROVISION PROVIDING THAT NO PART OF THE MILITARY FORCE BE EMPLOYED IN ENFORCING ENACTMENTS OF ALLEGED LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF THE TERRITORY OF KANSAS, DISARMING PRESENT ORGANIZED MILITIA, AND RECALLING ALL ARMS DISTRIBUTED THERE BY THE GOVERNMENT.

TO POSTPONE ALL PRIOR ORDERS TO CONSIDER H.R. 153, (APP. 8/30/1856, 11 STAT. L. 147), A BILL MAKING APPROPRIATIONS FOR THE SUPPORT OF THE ARMY FOR 1857.

TO PASS S. 174, A BILL PROVIDING AN APPROPRIATION OF $50,000 FOR THE IMPROVEMENT OF THE HARBOR OF CHARLESTON, SOUTH CAROLINA.

TO PASS S. 70, A BILL PROVIDING AN APPROPRIATION OF $100,000 FOR THE CONTINUANCE AND COMPLETION OF THE IMPROVEMENT OF THE RED RIVER AT AND AROUND THE RAFT.

TO PASS S. 173, A BILL PROVIDING AN APPROPRIATION OF $32,000 FOR THE IMPROVEMENT OF THE HARBOR OF APPALACHIEALA, FLORIDA.

TO TAKE UP CONSIDERATION OF H.R. 154, A BILL PROVIDING FOR THE SETTLEMENT OF THE CLAIMS OF OFFICERS IN THE REVOLUTIONARY ARMY AND THE WIDOWS AND ORPHANS OF THOSE WHO DIED IN SERVICE.

TO POSTPONE ALL PRIOR ORDERS IN ORDER TO TAKE UP H.R. 153, (APP. 8/30/1856, 11 STAT. L. 147), A BILL MAKING APPROPRIATIONS FOR THE SUPPORT OF THE ARMY FOR 1857.

TO PASS S. 164, A BILL PROVIDING AN APPROPRIATION OF $20,000 TO CONTINUE THE IMPROVEMENT OF THE ILLINOIS RIVER.

TO PASS S. 66, A BILL APPROPRIATING $90,000 TO CONTINUE PUBLIC WORK IN MASSACHUSETTS AND TO PRESERVE THE HARBOR ON ITS COAST.

TO PASS S. 17, A BILL APPROPRIATING $13,500 TO CONTINUE THE IMPROVEMENT OF THE HARBOR AT ASHTABULA, OHIO.

TO PASS S. 28, A BILL APPROPRIATING $7,500 FOR THE OPERATION OF A STEAM DREDGE ON LAKE ONTARIO, NEW YORK.

TO PASS S. 52, A BILL APPROPRIATING $40,000 FOR CONTINUING THE IMPROVEMENT OF THE MISSOURI RIVER.

TO ADJOURN.

TO PASS S. 69, A BILL APPROPRIATING $40,000 FOR THE CONTINUED IMPROVEMENT OF THE ARKANSAS RIVER.

TO PASS S. 16, A BILL PROVIDING AN APPROPRIATION OF $13,500 FOR THE CONTINUED IMPROVEMENT OF HURON HARBOR, OHIO.

TO AMEND S. 29, A BILL APPROPRIATING $36,000 FOR THE CONTINUATION AND COMPLETION OF THE HARBOR AT BURLINGTON ON LAKE CHAMPLAIN, BY REDUCING THE APPROPRIATION TO $15,202.88

TO PASS S. 15, A BILL CONTINUING THE IMPROVEMENTS OF THE HARBOR AT CONNEANT, OHIO

TO PASS S. 95, A BILL PROVIDING AN APPROPRIATION OF $30,000 TO CONTINUE CONSTRUCTION ON THE HARBOR AT REEDY ISLAND, DEL.

TO PASS S. 20, A BILL APPROPRIATING $10,000 TO CONTINUE THE IMPROVEMENT OF THE HARBOR AT THE MOUTH OF THE BLACK RIVER, OHIO. (GLOBE READS, TO ENGROSS AND ORDER THIRD READING.)

TO CONSIDER S. 146, A BILL PROVIDING FOR COMPENSATION OF AGENTS FOR PAYING PENSIONS AND PRESCRIBING THE TIME AND MANNER OF SETTLING THEIR ACCOUNTS.

TO PASS S. 43, A BILL APPROPRIATING $20,000 FOR THE CONSTRUCTION OF A HARBOR AT ST. JOSEPH, MICHIGAN.

TO ORDER ENGROSSMENT AND THIRD READING OF S. 42, A BILL MAKING AN APPROPRIATION OF $10,000 FOR THE CONSTRUCTION OF A HARBOR AT THE MOUTH OF THE CLINTON RIVER IN MICHIGAN.

TO PROCEED TO CONSIDERATION OF EXECUTIVE BUSINESS.

TO ADJOURN.

TO ORDER ENGROSSMENT AND THIRD READING OF S. 92, A BILL MAKING APPROPRIATIONS FOR THE CONTINUED IMPROVEMENT OF MILWAUKEE HARBOR.

TO ORDER ENGROSSMENT AND THIRD READING OF S. 37, A BILL MAKING APPROPRIATIONS OF $50,000 FOR THE CONSTRUCTION OF A HARBOR AT THE MOUTH OF THE KALAMAKOO RIVER IN MICHIGAN.

TO ADOPT S.J.R. 30, (APP. 8/30/1856, 11 STAT. L. 151), A RESOLUTION AUTHORIZING CERTAIN NAVAL OFFICERS TO ACCEPT MEDALS FROM CERTAIN FOREIGN GOVERNMENTS.

TO PASS S. 340, A BILL PROVIDING PAYMENT OF THE CLAIM OF DAN PRATT FOR $2,114, BEING THE DIFFERENCE IN SALARY DUE HIM AS ACTING CHARGE D'AFFAIR AND AS SECRETARY OF THE LEGATION IN PARIS.

TO PASS S. 90, A BILL MAKING APPROPRIATIONS FOR THE CONTINUED IMPROVEMENT OF KENOSHA HARBOR, IN WISCONSIN.

TO ORDER ENGROSSMENT AND THIRD READING OF S. 89, A BILL APPROPRIATING $32,992.45 FOR THE CONTINUED IMPROVEMENT OF RACINE HARBOR, WISCONSIN.

TO CONSIDER THE RESOLUTION THAT THE NOTICE GIVEN TO DENMARK BY THE PRESIDENT TO TERMINATE THE TREATY RELATING TO SOUND DUES, IS SUFFICIENT AND NO LEGISLATION IS NECESSARY.

TO ORDER ENGROSSMENT AND THIRD READING OF S. 124, A BILL PROVIDING FOR AN APPROPRIATION OF $1,800,000 TO INCREASE THE EFFICIENCY OF THE U.S. ARMY.

TO CONSENT TO THE PROMOTION AND APPOINTMENT OF JOHN KELLEY, WILLIAM GARDNER, DAVID FARRAGUT, STEPHEN B. WILSON AND 450 OTHERS IN THE NAVY.

TO CONSENT TO THE APPOINTMENT OF JOSEPH B. HULL AS CAPT. IN THE NAVY.

TO ADJOURN, DURING DEBATE ON PROMOTION OF GARRETT J. PENDERGAST TO CAPT. IN THE NAVY.

TO PROCEED TO CONSIDERATION OF THE RESOLUTION TO PROMOTE GARRETT J. PENDERGAST AND OTHER OFFICERS OF THE NAVY.

TO TABLE THE NOMINATION OF WILLIAM C. NICHOLSON TO CAPT. IN THE NAVY.

TO CONSENT TO THE APPOINTMENT OF GARRETT J. PENDERGAST AS CAPT. IN THE NAVY.

TO TABLE THE NOMINATION OF GARRETT J. PENDERGAST AS CAPT. IN THE NAVY.

TO ADJOURN, DURING DEBATE ON THE APPOINTMENT OF WILLIAM C. NICHOLSON TO CAPT. IN THE NAVY.

TO AMEND S. 113, BY ELIMINATING THE PROVISION THAT CAPTAINS IN COMMAND OF SQUADRONS SHALL BE DENOMINATED FLAG OFFICERS.

TO PASS S. 113.

TO AMEND, IN THE NATURE OF A SUBSTITUTE, S. 113, BY CREATING A NAVAL BOARD OF INQUIRY TO DETERMINE PHYSICAL AND MENTAL FITNESS AND STATUS OF ALL NAVAL OFFICERS, DISRATED OR DROPPED PURSUANT TO THE ACT OF 2/28/1855.

TO AMEND S. 113, BY STRIKING OUT THE FIRST SECTION: "PHYSICAL, MENTAL, AND PROFESSIONAL, AND MORAL FITNESS OF OFFICERS FOR NAVAL SERVICE" AND INSERTING, "THE CAPACITY AND FITNESS OF SUCH OFFICERS FOR THE PERFORMANCE OF HIS DUTIES"; SO THAT THE LATTER SHALL BE QUESTIONS FOR THE BOARD OF INQUIRY TO DETERMINE.

TO ADJOURN.

TO ADJOURN.

TO AMEND S. 113, BY PROVIDING FOR ELEVATION OF OFFICERS TO HIGHER RANKS, WHENEVER VACANCIES IN ACTION LIST EXISTS, BY REGULAR PROMOTION IN ORDER OF RANKS AND SENIORITY.

TO ADJOURN.

TO AMEND S. 113, BY GRANTING TO OFFICERS ON THE RETIRED LIST, WHETHER DROPPED OR RETIRED, THE RIGHT TO APPLY FOR REINSTATEMENT.

TO AMEND S. 356, BY CHANGING THE DATE ON WHICH PERSONS MUST BE RESIDENTS OF KANSAS IN ORDER TO VOTE, FROM 7/4/1856 TO 4/1/1857.

TO ORDER THIRD READING OF H.R. 13, (APP. 7/14/1856, 11 STAT. L. 452), A BILL GRANTING RIGHT OF WAY TO ST. LOUIS AND IRON MOUNTAIN RAILROAD THROUGH THE ARSENAL, MAGAZINE AND JEFFERSON BARRACKS TRACTS.

TO AMEND S. 356, A BILL AUTHORIZING THE PEOPLE OF THE TERRITORY OF KANSAS TO FORM A CONSTITUTION AND STATE GOVERNMENT PREPARATORY TO THEIR ADMISSION INTO THE UNION, BY ELIMINATING THE PROVISION THAT THE PEOPLE OF SAID TERRITORY WHO ARE NOT CITIZENS BUT WHO HAVE FILED THEIR INTENTION TO BECOME SUCH, ARE ENTITLED TO VOTE; NO QUORUM VOTING.

TO AMEND S. 356, BY PRESCRIBING THE BOUNDARIES OF KANSAS AS A STATE.

TO AMEND S. 356, BY PROVIDING THAT THERE SHALL BE NEITHER SLAVERY NOR INVOLUNTARY SERVITUDE IN SAID TERRITORY, PROVIDED HOWEVER THAT ANY SLAVE ESCAPING INTO THIS TERRITORY MAY BE RECLAIMED AND CONVEYED BACK TO HIS OWNER.

TO AMEND S. 356, BY PROVIDING THAT WHILE KANSAS IS A TERRITORY, THE LAWS TO PUNISH PERSONS STATING THEIR DISBELIEF IN THE RIGHT TO HOLD SLAVES IN SAID TERRITORY, BY A TERM OF TWO YEARS IN PRISON AT HARD LABOR, SHALL BE NULL AND VOID.

TO PASS AMENDMENT TO S. 356 WHICH PROVIDES THAT NO LAW SHALL BE MADE OR HAVE FORCE OF EFFECT IN SAID TERRITORY WHICH SHALL REQUIRE A TEST OATH OR AN OATH TO SUPPORT ANY ACT OF CONGRESS, OR SHALL IMPOSE A TAX UPON THE RIGHT OF SUFFRAGE BY ANY QUALIFIED VOTER.

TO AMEND S. 356, BY ELIMINATING THE ENTIRE BILL AFTER THE ENACTING CLAUSE AND INSERTING A PROVISION ABROGATING AND VOIDING ALL ACTS PASSED BY THE LEGISLATURE OF THAT TERRITORY.

TO RECONSIDER THE VOTE BY WHICH H.R. 56 WAS PASSED.